The mucosa of the small intestine is com- posed of the muscularis mucosae, the lam- ina propria, and the lamina epithelialis. Roughly, villi and crypts of Lieberkiihn can be recognized. The lamina epithelialis consists of a continuous layer of columnar epithelial cells and is separated from the lamina propria by

Unique and outstanding physical and chemical properties of zeolite materials make them extremely useful in a variety of applications including agronomy, ecology, manufacturing, and industrial processes. Recently, a more specific application of one naturally occurring zeolite material, clinoptilolite, has been widely studied in veterinary and human medicine. Due to a

Identifying agents that have long-term deleterious impact on health but exhibit no immediate toxicity is of prime importance. It is well established that long-term toxicity of chemicals could be caused by their ability to generate changes in the DNA sequence through the process of mutagenesis. Several assays including the Ames

Cosmetics, fragrances, and other personal care products are a possible source of human exposure to potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as phthalates, parabens, and phenols (Braun et al. 2014; Meeker et al. 2013). Because women are the primary consumers of many personal care products, they are disproportionately exposed to these chemicals

In a healthy body, ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants remain in balance. When the balance is disrupted towards an overabundance of ROS, oxidative stress (OS) occurs. OS influences the entire reproductive lifespan of a woman and even thereafter (i.e. menopause). Article

Cosmetics, fragrances, and other personal care products are a possible source of human exposure to potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as phthalates, parabens, and phenols (Braun et al. 2014; Meeker et al. 2013). Because women are the primary consumers of many personal care products, they are disproportionately exposed to these chemicals

The most powerful influence relating to a woman’s chance of conceiving is her age. Female age has physiological and genetic influences on conception, relating to a reduced ovar- ian follicular pool, perturbations in ovulation, and an in- crease in meiotic errors within the oocyte. Article

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; MIM #607093; E.C. 1.5.1.20) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes the physio- logically irreversible reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methyleneTHF) to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (methylTHF), a re- action that requires NADPH as electron donor and FAD as cofac- tor. Severe deficiency of MTHFR, first described in 1972 [Mudd et al., 1972;

An elevated level of total homocysteine (tHcy) in blood, denoted hyperhomo- cysteinemia, is emerging as a prevalent and strong risk factor for atheroscle- rotic vascular disease in the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vessels, and for arterial and venous thromboembolism. Article here

Folate being an important vitamin of B Complex group in our diet plays an important role not only in the synthesis of DNA but also in the maintenance of methylation reactions in the cells. Folate metabolism is influenced by several processes especially its dietary intake and the polymorphisms of the

These two articles reinforce the critical importance of proper circadian rhythm for our health and the second article points out the incredible reality that our organs have their own control center related to time. Article 1 Article 2

An interesting study that your patients may appreciate focuses on a potential support for muscle loss. It is well established that muscle loss is common in aging populations and worsens the prognosis of many diseases. It is encouraging to see evidence of improvement using a natural supplement. Read more.